The Sustainable Urban Development Reader

During one of my rough days as a substitute teacher, I got the idea of having the class look up their favorite city on Google-Earth, hoping to kill time until the bell rang. One of them picked Los Angeles, and inquired about the “gray thing” running through the city. “That’s the Los Angeles river” I told him. More questions followed about why it was that color, and I explained that he was looking at concrete. The river runs through a man-made concrete bank, designed to conserve the water and prevent flooding. The next questions was “how come there’s no water in it?” and I replied “LA is arid, so the river’s usually dry.” More questions, this time on how they can fill all those swimming pools.

   The fact of the matter is, throughout the USA, we have cities that are not naturally sustainable. LA was nothing until the dams and aqueducts came in, and even today you’d think they’d have a water shortage. Same thing with Las Vegas, Phoenix, El Paso, and just about every other city in the Southwest. So many of our cities grew up from unnatural beginnings, with no plan for how they’d get food, water, or building materials, nor any plan for bringing them in.

   One of the first essays is Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic, written in the 1940’s. The conservationist discusses communities setting rules for land use, agreeing on the best way to save water, dispose of waste, and take care of all the environmental issues that will effect the people. Unfortunately, his essay stresses “community” which doesn’t always suffice. If an industrialist wants to put a factory in a community, he can bypass their laws by applying to the state for eminent domain. The same holds true for water use; it is usually up to the state, not the community. Take for instance the recent controversy with the village of Kiryas Joel in upstate New York. The village wants to drill wells into the aqueduct, and the surrounding residents claim this will deplete the aquifer which all of them are using. One community’s needs may trump the other’s.

   Fast forward to 1993 with Peter Calthorpe’s The Next American Metropolis. He argues that car use has increased, leading to greater sprawl (or vice versa.) His argument is that while Americans were car-dependent back in the 70’s (OPEC embargo as proof) we were driving a lot less than we are now. Commutes were shorter, and houses were smaller, but as Americans desired bigger homes, the builders took their blueprints out into the sticks. He cites “traditional” neighborhoods, with tightly packed townhouses, where everyone gets along and you can walk to the store, school, and library, but this did not work in post WWII USA. According to him, Americans liked the feeling of privacy, so a private backyard made sense. A swimming pool in the backyard would definitely ice the cake of suburbia, along with a nice big private driveway, and a front yard to seclude the house from the street. But when you add those things together, you get increased auto traffic, water use, and lack of sociability. In New Jersey there’s a beautiful town of wooden homes called Ocean Grove, and it’s definitely a sociable community. But it would not work everywhere. A lot of people still want private houses.

    The Sustainable Urban Development Reader is a collection of writings on this topic. One of the greatest things about it is that it doesn’t draw any conclusions, that’s left to the scholar. There’s no sense in arguing that the desert is infertile or that New Orleans has poor drainage, those are facts. What the book does is it collects articles on sustainability going back decades, all the way to the days when some of our greatest cities barely existed.

The Addiction Casebook

The first sentence in the book’s preface really sums up the problem with addiction, and that problem is the stigma. Even impotence and erectile dysfunction aren’t anywhere near as shameful, attested by the fact that Senator Bob Dole was a spokesman for Viagra. But drug addiction, now that’s something nobody wants to admit. Perhaps it makes the addict look like a failure? Is it because it makes the patient look weak? Or is it because addictions are preventable, unlike cancer, acne, or tuberculosis?

The Addiction Casebook reads much like a guide for educators. It has tables and rubrics that can be filled in to assess the problem. We have issues like the amount of alcohol, the frequency of use, the time and place it is consumed. These factors are listed in order, then used in the assessment of the addict. As the title says, this book has case histories of addicts and their paths to addiction, many of which don’t involve the actual drugs or alcohol themselves. One of the cases involves a 34 year old alcoholic whose addiction cost her a job, relationship, ability to pay bills etc. Through regular sessions with a psychologist, she was found to have had chronic anxiety from her early years. The alcohol had been a way to help her cope with it, along with other stressful things like bills, rent, and deadlines.

A second interesting case involves not alcohol, pills, or cocaine, but nitrous oxide. The addict was a 20 year old with ADHD, a history of school and family troubles, and a hostile attitude towards his parents. Was his addiction to inhaling nitrous oxide canisters  a way of “dulling the pain” and gaining instant relief, or was he paranoid about the other medications he’d been using, like Aderal? Just because the gas was legally bought does not mean it was harmless. On the contrary, he’d had difficulty graduating high school, failed at college, and the massive number of cans cost $80 a week. It seems that as it was in the previous case, the underlying problem involved a preexisting disorder.

The Addiction Casebook goes on to discuss things like tobacco use, hallucinogens, and crystal meth abuse in the gay community in New York City. As with earlier cases, there are always underlying factors, be they anxiety, paranoia, feelings of inadequacy, or the shame of being a gay man in a conservative all-male environment.

I remember hearing something about addiction from the great Rabbi and Psychiatrist Abraham Twersky, that resonates with this book. He admits seeing in himself the traits of an addict. “I’m a procrastinator,” he says, “I often crave instant relief.” It is that dread of responsibility that can lead to addiction, not only drugs or alcohol, but video games and gambling. Supposedly healthy activities like mountain biking and watching movies can be addictive too.

One drink doesn’t make you an addict. Playing video games doesn’t make you an addict either. But when these things get in the way of work, nutrition, and your life, then you need to wonder who’s in control, you or the activity?